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Figure 10. Pleiotropic functions of TCTP. A cartoon showing the major TCTP-related pathways. TCTP can promote cell proliferation by acting: (1) as a guanidine exchange factor for the GTP-binding protein Rheb, a crucial player in the mTORC1 pathway; (2) by inducing P53 degradation; (3) by regulating spindle morphology and mitosis progression, when it is phosphorylated by PLK1. TCTP can act as an immune-resistance factor via activation of TLR2 on myeloid cells, which in turn induces cytokines production and the recruitment of immune-suppressive cells. TCTP, in the phosphorylated form, can induce the activation of the EGFR/AKT pathway, thus promoting an immune resistance to anti-PD-L1 therapy. TCTP can promote cell migration and EMT markers through the mTORC2 pathways. EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; PD-L1: programmed death ligand-1; PLK1: polo-like kinase 1; TCTP: translationally controlled tumor protein.