fig2

Figure 2. Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Direct and indirect alterations in the TME suppress the immune response. Pro-tumor cytokines recruit immunosuppressive cells that prevent antigen presentation, which could be addressed by targeting Tregs. Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines generates T cell dysfunction and reduced antigen presentation. CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; DCs: dendritic cells; ICB: immune checkpoint blockade; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-10: interleukin 10; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TAM: tumor-associated macrophage; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; TME: tumor microenvironment.