REFERENCES
1. Ehrlich P. . Das Sauerstoff-Bedurfnis des Organismus: eine farbenanalytische Studie. Berlin: Hirschward; 1885.
2. Lewandowsky M. Zur Lehre der Zerebrospinalflussigkeit. Z Klin Med 1900;40:480-4.
3. Hawkins BT, Davis TP. The blood-brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2005;57:173-85.
5. Muoio V, Persson PB, Sendeski MM. The neurovascular unit - concept review. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014;210:790-8.
6. Neuwelt EA. Mechanisms of disease: the blood-brain barrier. Neurosurgery 2004;54:131-40; discussion 41.
7. Zhao X, Chen R, Liu M, Feng J, Chen J, Hu K. Remodeling the blood-brain barrier microenvironment by natural products for brain tumor therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017;7:541-53.
8. Greene C, Hanley N, Campbell M. Claudin-5: gatekeeper of neurological function. Fluids Barriers CNS 2019;16:3.
9. Ohtsuki S, Yamaguchi H, Katsukura Y, Asashima T, Terasaki T. mRNA expression levels of tight junction protein genes in mouse brain capillary endothelial cells highly purified by magnetic cell sorting. J Neurochem 2008;104:147-54.
10. Sohet F, Lin C, Munji RN, et al. LSR/angulin-1 is a tricellular tight junction protein involved in blood-brain barrier formation. J Cell Biol 2015;208:703-11.
11. Nitta T, Hata M, Gotoh S, et al. Size-selective loosening of the blood-brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice. J Cell Biol 2003;161:653-60.
12. Saitou M, Furuse M, Sasaki H, et al. Complex phenotype of mice lacking occludin, a component of tight junction strands. Mol Biol Cell 2000;11:4131-42.
13. Inoko A, Itoh M, Tamura A, Matsuda M, Furuse M, Tsukita S. Expression and distribution of ZO-3, a tight junction MAGUK protein, in mouse tissues. Genes Cells 2003;8:837-45.
14. Umeda K, Ikenouchi J, Katahira-Tayama S, et al. ZO-1 and ZO-2 independently determine where claudins are polymerized in tight-junction strand formation. Cell 2006;126:741-54.
15. Tornavaca O, Chia M, Dufton N, et al. ZO-1 controls endothelial adherens junctions, cell-cell tension, angiogenesis, and barrier formation. J Cell Biol 2015;208:821-38.
16. Reese TS, Karnovsky MJ. Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase. J Cell Biol 1967;34:207-17.
17. Chow BW, Gu C. Gradual suppression of transcytosis governs functional blood-retinal barrier formation. Neuron 2017;93:1325-33.e3.
19. Daneman R, Zhou L, Kebede AA, Barres BA. Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis. Nature 2010;468:562-6.
20. Armulik A, Genové G, Mäe M, et al. Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier. Nature 2010;468:557-61.
21. Abbott NJ, Rönnbäck L, Hansson E. Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7:41-53.
22. Janzer RC, Raff MC. Astrocytes induce blood-brain barrier properties in endothelial cells. Nature 1987;325:253-7.
23. Igarashi Y, Utsumi H, Chiba H, et al. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces barrier function of endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;261:108-12.
25. Robey RW, Pluchino KM, Hall MD, Fojo AT, Bates SE, Gottesman MM. Revisiting the role of ABC transporters in multidrug-resistant cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2018;18:452-64.
26. Hartz AM, Bauer B. ABC transporters in the CNS - an inventory. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011;12:656-73.
27. Schinkel AH, Jonker JW. Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family: an overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003;55:3-29.
28. Schinkel AH, Smit JJ, van Tellingen O, et al. Disruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell 1994;77:491-502.
29. Jonker JW, Buitelaar M, Wagenaar E, et al. The breast cancer resistance protein protects against a major chlorophyll-derived dietary phototoxin and protoporphyria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:15649-54.
30. Mealey KL, Bentjen SA, Gay JM, Cantor GH. Ivermectin sensitivity in collies is associated with a deletion mutation of the mdr1 gene. Pharmacogenetics 2001;11:727-33.
31. Baudou E, Lespine A, Durrieu G, et al. Serious ivermectin toxicity and human ABCB1 nonsense mutations. N Engl J Med 2020;383:787-9.
32. Pardridge WM. The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development. NeuroRx 2005;2:3-14.
33. Canfield SG, Stebbins MJ, Morales BS, et al. An isogenic blood-brain barrier model comprising brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Neurochem 2017;140:874-88.
34. Jackson S, Meeks C, Vezina A, Robey RW, Tanner K, Gottesman MM. Model systems for studying the blood-brain barrier: Applications and challenges. Biomaterials 2019;214:119217.
35. Poller B, Wagenaar E, Tang SC, Schinkel AH. Double-transduced MDCKII cells to study human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) interplay in drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Pharm 2011;8:571-82.
36. Pastan I, Gottesman MM, Ueda K, Lovelace E, Rutherford AV, Willingham MC. A retrovirus carrying an MDR1 cDNA confers multidrug resistance and polarized expression of P-glycoprtein in MDCK cells. ProcNatlAcadSciUSA 1988;85:4486-90.
37. Fung KL, Kapoor K, Pixley JN, et al. Using the BacMam baculovirus system to study expression and function of recombinant efflux drug transporters in polarized epithelial cell monolayers. Drug Metab Dispos 2016;44:180-8.
38. Elbakary B, Badhan RKS. A dynamic perfusion based blood-brain barrier model for cytotoxicity testing and drug permeation. Sci Rep 2020;10:3788.
39. Bhalerao A, Sivandzade F, Archie SR, Chowdhury EA, Noorani B, Cucullo L. In vitro modeling of the neurovascular unit: advances in the field. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020;17:22.
40. Helms HC, Abbott NJ, Burek M, et al. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016;36:862-90.
41. O'Brown NM, Pfau SJ, Gu C. Bridging barriers: a comparative look at the blood-brain barrier across organisms. Genes Dev 2018;32:466-78.
42. Li W, Sparidans RW, Wang Y, Lebre MC, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein restrict brigatinib brain accumulation and toxicity, and, alongside CYP3A, limit its oral availability. Pharmacol Res 2018;137:47-55.
43. Li Y, Chen T, Miao X, et al. Zebrafish: A promising in vivo model for assessing the delivery of natural products, fluorescence dyes and drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Pharmacol Res 2017;125:246-57.
44. Umans RA, Taylor MR. Zebrafish as a model to study drug transporters at the blood-brain barrier. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012;92:567-70.
45. Susaki EA, Tainaka K, Perrin D, Yukinaga H, Kuno A, Ueda HR. Advanced CUBIC protocols for whole-brain and whole-body clearing and imaging. Nat Protoc 2015;10:1709-27.
46. Wassie AT, Zhao Y, Boyden ES. Expansion microscopy: principles and uses in biological research. Nat Methods 2019;16:33-41.
47. Umans RA, Henson HE, Mu F, et al. CNS angiogenesis and barriergenesis occur simultaneously. Dev Biol 2017;425:101-8.
48. Jeong JY, Kwon HB, Ahn JC, et al. Functional and developmental analysis of the blood-brain barrier in zebrafish. Brain Res Bull 2008;75:619-28.
49. Fleming A, Diekmann H, Goldsmith P. Functional characterisation of the maturation of the blood-brain barrier in larval zebrafish. PLoS One 2013;8:e77548.
50. Quinonez-Silvero C, Hubner K, Herzog W. Development of the brain vasculature and the blood-brain barrier in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2020;457:181-90.
51. van Leeuwen LM, Evans RJ, Jim KK, et al. A transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5. Biol Open 2018;7:bio030494.
52. Loh YH, Christoffels A, Brenner S, Hunziker W, Venkatesh B. Extensive expansion of the claudin gene family in the teleost fish, Fugu rubripes. Genome Res 2004;14:1248-57.
53. Kiener TK, Sleptsova-Friedrich I, Hunziker W. Identification, tissue distribution and developmental expression of tjp1/zo-1, tjp2/zo-2 and tjp3/zo-3 in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Gene Expr Patterns 2007;7:767-76.
54. O'Brown NM, Megason SG, Gu C. Suppression of transcytosis regulates zebrafish blood-brain barrier function. Elife 2019;8:e47326.
55. Ben-Zvi A, Lacoste B, Kur E, et al. Mfsd2a is critical for the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier. Nature 2014;509:507-11.
56. Guemez-Gamboa A, Nguyen LN, Yang H, et al. Inactivating mutations in MFSD2A, required for omega-3 fatty acid transport in brain, cause a lethal microcephaly syndrome. Nat Genet 2015;47:809-13.
57. Wang Y, Pan L, Moens CB, Appel B. Notch3 establishes brain vascular integrity by regulating pericyte number. Development 2014;141:307-17.
58. Ando K, Fukuhara S, Izumi N, et al. Clarification of mural cell coverage of vascular endothelial cells by live imaging of zebrafish. Development 2016;143:1328-39.
59. Korn J, Christ B, Kurz H. Neuroectodermal origin of brain pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. J Comp Neurol 2002;442:78-88.
60. Chen J, Poskanzer KE, Freeman MR, Monk KR. Live-imaging of astrocyte morphogenesis and function in zebrafish neural circuits. Nat Neurosci 2020;23:1297-306.
61. Jurisch-Yaksi N, Yaksi E, Kizil C. Radial glia in the zebrafish brain: functional, structural, and physiological comparison with the mammalian glia. Glia 2020;68:2451-70.
62. Rowitch DH, Kriegstein AR. Developmental genetics of vertebrate glial-cell specification. Nature 2010;468:214-22.
63. Grupp L, Wolburg H, Mack AF. Astroglial structures in the zebrafish brain. J Comp Neurol 2010;518:4277-87.
64. Di Castro MA, Chuquet J, Liaudet N, et al. Local Ca2+ detection and modulation of synaptic release by astrocytes. Nat Neurosci 2011;14:1276-84.
65. Neve LD, Savage AA, Koke JR, Garcia DM. Activating transcription factor 3 and reactive astrocytes following optic nerve injury in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012;155:213-8.
66. Fischer S, Kluver N, Burkhardt-Medicke K, et al. Abcb4 acts as multixenobiotic transporter and active barrier against chemical uptake in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. BMC Biol 2013;11:69.
67. Georges E, Bradley G, Garipey J, Ling V. Detection of P-glycoprotein isoforms by gene-specific monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:152-6.
68. Park D, Haldi M, Seng W. . Zebrafish: a new in vivo model for identifying P-glycoprotein efflux modulators. In: McGrath P, editor. Zebrafish: Methods for Assessing Drug Safety and Toxicity. 2011. p. 177-90.
69. Bard SM, Gadbois S. Assessing neuroprotective P-glycoprotein activity at the blood-brain barrier in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) using behavioural profiles. Mar Environ Res 2007;64:679-82.
70. Kennedy CJ, Tierney KB, Mittelstadt M. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier alters avermectin neurotoxicity and swimming performance in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 2014;146:176-85.
71. Luckenbach T, Fischer S, Sturm A. Current advances on ABC drug transporters in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014;165:28-52.
72. Miller DS, Graeff C, Droulle L, Fricker S, Fricker G. Xenobiotic efflux pumps in isolated fish brain capillaries. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002;282:R191-8.
73. Annilo T, Chen ZQ, Shulenin S, et al. Evolution of the vertebrate ABC gene family: analysis of gene birth and death. Genomics 2006;88:1-11.
74. Kobayashi I, Saito K, Moritomo T, Araki K, Takizawa F, Nakanishi T. Characterization and localization of side population (SP) cells in zebrafish kidney hematopoietic tissue. Blood 2008;111:1131-7.
75. Long Y, Li Q, Li J, Cui Z. Molecular analysis, developmental function and heavy metal-induced expression of ABCC5 in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011;158:46-55.
76. Lu X, Long Y, Lin L, Sun R, Zhong S, Cui Z. Characterization of zebrafish Abcc4 as an efflux transporter of organochlorine pesticides. PLoS One 2014;9:e111664.
77. Kim SS, Im SH, Yang JY, et al. Zebrafish as a screening model for testing the permeability of blood-brain barrier to small molecules. Zebrafish 2017;14:322-30.
78. Zoghbi SS, Liow JS, Yasuno F, et al. 11C-loperamide and its N-desmethyl radiometabolite are avid substrates for brain permeability-glycoprotein efflux. J Nucl Med 2008;49:649-56.
79. Bieczynski F, Burkhardt-Medicke K, Luquet CM, Scholz S, Luckenbach T. Chemical effects on dye efflux activity in live zebrafish embryos and on zebrafish Abcb4 ATPase activity. FEBS Lett 2020;595:828-43.
80. Lu X, Long Y, Sun R, Zhou B, Lin L, et al. Zebrafish Abcb4 is a potential efflux transporter of microcystin-LR. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015;167:35-42.
81. Lee TD, Lee OW, Brimacombe KR, et al. A high-throughput screen of a library of therapeutics identifies cytotoxic substrates of P-glycoprotein. Mol Pharmacol 2019;96:629-40.
82. Robey RW, Robinson AN, Ali-Rahmani F, et al. Characterization and tissue localization of zebrafish homologs of the human ABCB1 multidrug transporter. bioRxiv 2021; doi: 10.1101/2021.02.18.431829.
83. Gao Y, Zhang T, Terai H, et al. Overcoming resistance to the THZ series of covalent transcriptional CDK inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2018;25:135-42.e5.
