fig9

Figure 9. Examples of strategies used to bond more than one bioactive molecule to the CNMs. Covalent bonding of polyethylenimine and aptamers to the surface of PEG-modified CNTs, combined with non-covalent π-π stacking of DOX^[138] (A); covalent bonding of cRGD combined with the loading of DOX into the CNMs’ cavity for selective targeting of cancer cells^[135] (B); combination of covalent and non-covalent binding of a single drug for the controllable release from graphene quantum dots^[167] (C); manganese ferrite grown on the surface of graphene oxide, followed by modification with a radioisotope via electrophilic substitution and π-π stacking of DOX^[143] (D); two anticancer drugs, bonded to the surface of graphene via covalent (Pt) and non-covalent (DOX) interactions for an enhanced anticancer effect^[142] (E)